SUBSTÂNCIAS BÁSICAS: PARADIGMA DO COMBATE DE PRAGAS COM PRODUTOS NATURAIS
As substâncias extraídas de organismos naturais foram desde sempre a fonte mais importate de moléculas bioactivas de interesse, no meio agronômico.
Hoje em dia existem no mercado, milhares de compostos farmacéuticos cujo o princípio ativo é um composto natural como também algum derivado seu. Provavelmente, o exemplo más classico seja a penicilina G, um dos antibióticos mais utilizados, assim como o seu análogo amoxicilina.
No âmbito da agricultura também se encontram compostos descobertos de manera similar. Por citar alguns, o bialafos[1] é um composto obtido dos microorganismos Streptomyces hygroscopis, que se comercializa como herbicida; outro tipo de herbicida, as tricetonas, como a sulcotriona ou a mesotriona, são derivados sintéticos da leptospermona[2], um composto alelopático presente na árvore de chá (Leptospermum scoparium); e de manera similar, um dos mais importantes grupos de fungicidas, as estrobirulinas, como a azoxistrobina ou a trifloxitrobina, foram desenvolvidas a partir dos compostos de mesmo nome, encontrados no fungo Strobilurus tenacellus[3] que crescem em troncos de árvores caídas.
Em muitas ocasiões, um mesmo composto natural exerce efeitos diferentes, em funçao do organismo em questão. Um exemplo muito interessante (e muito curioso também) é a Nepeta cataria, uma planta conhecida como “menta de gato”, que já era utilizada pelos romanos para aliviar moléstias gastrointestais, porém em gatos causa um efeito diferente e lhes induz à um comportamento muito mais relaxado do comum (confira este video para uma explicação mais detalhada: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFVntOCRA8M).
Assim também é o caso das denominadas SUBSTÂNCIAS BÁSICAS, extratos ou produtos naturais utilizados de maneira relativamente cada vez mais frequente em nossa vida cotidiana. O que se está claro é que não exercem qualquer tipo de efeitos tóxicos ou adversos para o ser humano, por outro lado, ejercem sim um efeito nocivo para diversos tipos de patógenos vegetais, seja diretamente sobre próprio agente causante da infermedade ou indiretamente, induzindo na planta uma resposta defensiva.
Por serem compostos naturais com praticamente toxicidade nula, além de que, não deixam resíduos, as substâncias básicas possuem uma legislação própria, com regulamento específico (CE) n.º 1107/2009, diferentemente de compostos fitossanitários, muito menos restritiva e de livre uso na agricultura ecológica.
As urtigas (Urtica spp.) e a “ cavalinha ou rabo de cabalo” (Equisetum spp.) são plantas consideradas medicinais, as quais se podem comprar como complementos alimentícios ou produtos cosméticos. Dessas plantas por exemplo, são extraídos de seus extratos vegetais, alguns metabólitos secundários dentro das especficações de uso da categoría de substâncias básicas.
As plantas do gênero Equisetum se caracterizam pelo seu elevado conteúdo em silício (até uns 25% do peso de matéria seca), asim como a presença de estirilpironas[4] em sua composição química, como a equisetumpirona, molécula muito similar à algumas produzidas por varios fungos. Assim, a aplicação de extratos de “cavalinha” ou “rabo de cabalo”, provoca uma resposta defensiva de dupla ação, primeriamente diante de patógenos fúngicos se por um lado, o silício melhora a resistência das paredes celulares dos vegetales, por outro lado, tanto o silício como as estirilpironas incrementan a produção de fitoalexinas e a atividade de enzimas quitinasas[5][6].
Recentemente Arvensis Agro lançou sua própria linha de substâncias básicas, entre as que se encontram o já mencionado Equistum, elaborado mediante um cuidadoso processo de extração de variedades selecionadas de Equisetum, o qual permite maximizar o conteúdo de silício assimilável em equisetumpironas, para uma maior atividade frente à fungos fitopatogênicos dos gêneros Venturia, Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Taphrina, Plasmopara, Alternaria, Septoria y Pythium.
Arvensis Agro em sua linha das substâncias básicas, possui dois produtos elaborados à partir de extratos de Urtica spp. o Urtiquins e Urtiqas, que são soluções para combater infestações de insetos e ácaros. Nesse mesmo contexto, os extratos de urtiga demostram alta efetividade contra ácaros[7]. Isso se deve pela presença de ácido fórmico nos neurotrasmisores acetilcolina, serotonina e histamina[8], quer dizer, que esses extratos interferem na trasmissão de impulsos nervosos, apresentando eficiencia no controle de insetos.
[1] Murakami T., Anzai H., Imai S. et al; “The bialaphos biosynthetic genes of Streptomyces hygroscopicus: Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene cluster” Molec. Gen. Genet. 1986, 205, 42–53.
[2] R. Beaudegnies, A. J. F. Edmunds, T. E. M. Fraser, R. G. Hall, T. R. Hawkes, G. Mitchell, J. Schaetzer, S. Wendeborn, J. Wibley; “Herbicidal 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors—A review of the triketone chemistry story from a Syngenta perspective” Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 4134 – 4152.
[3] D. W. Bartlett, J. M. Clough, J. R. Godwin, A. A. Hall, M. Hamer and B. Parr-Dobrzanski; “The strobilurin fungicides” Pest. Manag. Sci. 2002, 58, 649 – 662.
[4] C. Beckert, C. Horn, J.-P. Schnitzler, A. Lehning, W. Hellert, M. Veit; “Styrylpyrone biosynthesis in Equisetum arvense” Phytochem. 1997, 44 (2), 275- 283.
[5] Y. C. Liang, W. C. Sun, J. Si, and V. Römheld; “Effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on the enhancement of induced resistance to powdery mildew in Cucumis sativus” Plant Pathol. 2005, 54, 678 – 685.
[6] M. Wang, L. Gao, S. Dong, Y. Sun, Q. Shen and S. Guo; “Role of Silicon on Plant–Pathogen Interactions” Front Plant. Sci. 2017, 701.
[7] Z. T. Dąbrowski, U. Seredyńska “Characterisation of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch acari: Tetranychidae) response to aqueous extracts from selected plant species” J. Plant Protect. Res. 2007, 2, 113-124.
[8] C. Randall, K. Meethan, H. Randall, F. Dobbs; “Nettle sting of Urtica dioca for joint pain – an exploratory study of this complementary therapy” Complement. Ther. Med. 1999; 7: 126-131.












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