ÁCAROS RESISTENTES AOS ACARICIDAS
Os herbívoros podem ser classificados de acordo com o seu grau de especialização de hóspedes:
- Especialistas: são capazes de se alimentar de uma ou algumas espécies do mesmo género.
- Oligófagos: alimentam-se de várias espécies, geralmente da mesma família.
- Generalistas: alimentam-se de vários hóspedes pertencentes a diferentes famílias
Dentro dos herbívoros podemos encontrar insetos que se alimentam de plantas. Foram descritas mais de 1200 espécies de ácaros, das quais aproximadamente 10% podem ser pragas para as culturas. Entre estes últimos está o Tetranychus urticae, que é considerado um dos mais importantes. O Tetranychus urticae é capaz de se alimentar de mais de 4000 espécies diferentes, incluindo 150 culturas, pertencentes a mais de 140 famílias diferentes.
Alimenta-se de células mesofílicas no fundo das folhas, onde estão protegidos da luz UV. Assim, este ácaro produz um dano físico que consiste em esvaziar as células provocando uma cor apagada que pode tornar-se preta à medida que o tecido necrotizado for aumentando, o que, como consequência final, pode reduzir o rendimento da cultura afetada.
T.urticae tem um tamanho pequeno, um ciclo de vida curto, maturidade sexual precoce e descendência elevada. Durante o seu ciclo de vida, as fêmeas T.urticae podem produzir mais de 100 ovos que, em condições ótimas, podem desenvolver-se em menos de 1 semana. Os ovos fertilizados resultam em fêmeas, enquanto os ovos não fertilizados se desenvolvem como machos.
Estas características de alta descendência e rápido desenvolvimento fazem com que T.urticae possa desenvolver resistência aos acaricidas muito rapidamente. Foram descritos mais de 500 casos de resistência a T.urticae incluindo substâncias ativas com diferentes modos de cultura, alguns dos quais se mostram na tabela a seguir:
| 1. abamectin | 25. chlorfensulfide | 49. famphur | 73. permethrin |
| 2. acephate | 26. chlorobenzilate | 50. fenazaquin | 74. phenkapton |
| 3. acequinocyl | 27. chloropropylate | 51. fenbutatin oxide | 75. phenthoate |
| 4. acrinathrin | 28. chlorpyrifos | 52. fenpropathrin | 76. phorate |
| 5. aldicarb | 29. clofentezine | 53. fenpyroximate | 77. phosalone |
| 6. amidithion | 30. cyenopyrafen | 54. fluacrypyrim | 78. phosmet |
| 7. amitraz | 31. cyflumetofen | 55. flucycloxuron | 79. phosphamidon |
| 8. azinphos-methyl | 32. cyhexatin | 56. formetanate | 80. pirimiphos-methyl |
| 9. azobenzene | 33. DDT | 57. formothion | 81. profenofos |
| 10. azocyclotin | 34. deltamethrin | 58. hexythiazox | 82. propargite |
| 11. benzoximate | 35. demeton | 59. hexythiazox + organotin | 83. prothoate |
| 12. BHC/cyclodienes | 36. demeton-S-methyl | 60. malathion | 84. pyridaben |
| 13. bifenazate | 37. diafenthiuron | 61. mephosfolan | 85. selenium sulfide |
| 14. bifenthrin | 38. diazinon | 62. methamidophos | 86. spirodiclofen |
| 15. binapacryl | 39. dicofol | 63. methidathion | 87. spiromesifen |
| 16. bromophos | 40. dicrotophos | 64. methomyl | 88. spirotetramat |
| 17. bromopropylate | 41. dienochlor | 65. mevinphos | 89. sulfotep |
| 18. Carbamates | 42. dimefox | 66. milbemectin | 90. tau-fluvalinate |
| 19. carbophenothion | 43. dimethoate | 67. monocrotophos | 91. tebufenpyrad |
| 20. chinomethionate | 44. disulfoton | 68. naled | 92. TEPP |
| 21. chlorbenside | 45. EPN | 69. omethoate | 93. tetradifon |
| 22. chlordimeform | 46. ethion | 70. Organophosphates | 94. thiometon |
| 23. chlorfenapyr | 47. ethoate-methyl | 71. parathion | 95. trichlorfon |
| 24. chlorfenson | 48. etoxazole | 72. parathion-methyl | 96. vamidothion |
Para evitar o aparecimento de resistências, recomendamos a utilização alternativa de produtos com ingredientes ativos diferentes. No entanto, há que ter em conta que a utilização de inseticidas pode prejudicar a fauna auxiliar de uma maneira que beneficia indiretamente os organismos prejudiciais, eliminando de forma indesejável os seus predadores naturais, pelo que é necessário tentar utilizar tratamentos que os respeitem.




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