Superando la sequía: Bioestimulación para una agricultura sostenible

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A lo largo de la historia ha habido numerosos sucesos de cambio climático en los que las temperaturas de la Tierra se han modificado paulatinamente, de la misma manera que los eventos meteorológicos han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo. Generalmente estos episodios se han dado por causas naturales, como variaciones en la radiación solar, periodos de vulcanismo, impactos de meteoritos… Sin embargo, la situación que está viviendo actualmente el planeta es principalmente por causa antropogénica.  

Por ello, el calentamiento global es uno de los temas principales de actualidad en la sociedad en cualquier parte de mundo, ya que durante los últimos años hemos visto como este evento avanza mucho más rápido.  

Una de las regiones más afectadas en el territorio europeo es la región de Cataluña. Durante los últimos 3 años se ha visto afectada de manera significativa por el cambio climático. Por lo que, a día de hoy, Cataluña está viviendo uno de los peores episodios de sequía desde que hay registros de precipitaciones.  

El territorio catalán se encuentra en un periodo de crisis climática extrema que está afectando en gran parte a la agricultura, y como consecuencia a inicios de 2024 se redujo hasta un 80% la dotación de agua del riego de los cultivos, aunque gracias a las últimas lluvias se han conseguido reducir las restricciones en algunas partes de la región.  

Rescatando al agricultor, el cultivo y el suelo: estrategias frente a la sequía

Gran parte de los cultivos extensivos de invierno han tenido problemas de crecimiento y otros, como el maíz o arroz, difícilmente se han sembrado. Muchos agricultores han habido de recurrir a medidas que suponen, únicamente, salvar la plantación de frutales y otros leñosos, retirando todos los frutos y así evitando la muerte de los árboles.  

Las plantas, por otra parte, cuando se encuentran en estas condiciones, desencadenan una serie de procesos en los que se generan aminoácidos, que posteriormente intervienen en la síntesis de hormonas y así paliar las posibles consecuencias provocadas por el estrés. Sin embargo, la producción de estos compuestos supone para la planta un alto coste energético que impide que pueda emplear energía en otras funciones fisiológicas y conseguir un buen desarrollo radicular y vegetativo. La aplicación de aminoácidos a nuestros cultivos supondría un “ahorro” de energía para la planta, favoreciendo el crecimiento de raíces y parte aérea, una mejor absorción de nutrientes y posteriormente un mayor rendimiento del cultivo. En casos de sequía y escasez de agua, sería recomendable usar formulados que en su aminograma contengan glicina-betaína y prolina entre otros, que intervienen en la apertura y cierre de estomas para evitar la deshidratación de las plantas.  

Por otra parte, es de gran interés el uso de extractos de algas en nuestros cultivos. Su principal función es la de promotor hormonal. Además de su alto contenido en fitohormonas como auxinas y citoquininas, los extractos de algas se componen de aminoácidos, proteínas, vitaminas, azúcares y micro y macroelementos, que ayudan a optimizar los procesos fisiológicos de las plantas. Por ello, favorecen la recuperación de los cultivos en situaciones de estrés y promueven el crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo.  

Otro gran afectado por la crisis climática es el suelo, el principal medio de producción de la agricultura. El suelo forma un ecosistema que sirve como soporte para las plantas, para los microorganismos que viven en él y que almacena el agua y nutrientes que consumen estos seres vivos. La actual situación de sequía está influyendo de manera directa en la estructura del suelo, en la microfauna que habita en él y su fertilidad, impidiendo tener suelos sanos. El uso de enmiendas húmicas en el suelo mejora sus propiedades físicas, aumenta su porosidad y retención de agua, esponja el suelo y permite un mejor desarrollo radicular del cultivo. Son una fuente de carbono orgánico, por lo que promueven la actividad microbiana del suelo e intervienen en la complejación de nutrientes, favoreciendo su absorción por el cultivo.  

La respuesta de Arvensis a la crisis climática: A3 BIOESTIMULANT®

Un buen manejo de estos tres métodos de activación de la planta puede ayudarnos a obtener un sistema agrícola sostenible. Su empleo de manera equilibrada nos puede permitir paliar los efectos provocados por el cambio climático y obtener el máximo rendimiento del cultivo. Por ello, el equipo de I+D+I de Arvensis ha desarrollado y formulado A3 BIOESTIMULANT®, que combina estos tres componentes, como solución a los problemas expuestos anteriormente. La agrupación de estos tres bioestimulantes en un solo producto supondrá en la planta y en el suelo una mayor expresión de sus efectos en comparación a su uso por separado. En definitiva, el conjunto de aminoácidos, extractos de algas y enmiendas húmicas actúan de manera sinérgica sacando el mayor potencial genético de nuestros cultivos y así combatir el cambio climático.  

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